Borders that make no sense

Campione d'Italia is an Italian enclave inside the Swiss canton of Ticino. It entered the EU customs territory on 1 January 2020 but remains outside the EU VAT territory. Instead it applies ILCCI, a local consumption tax aligned to Swiss VAT: the ordinary rate is 8.1 per cent, with reduced rates of 3.8 and 2.6 per cent for listed operations. If you go, go for the anomaly, not the casino.

Italian law declared Livigno a duty-free zone in 1910. Current European law names it as the exception to Italian customs territory and excludes it from both the EU VAT and excise regimes. That is the legal basis for the difference you see at its shops and fuel stations; travellers still have customs allowances when taking goods out.

In 1441 Pope Eugene IV pledged Sansepolcro to Florence against a loan of 25,000 gold florins. Commissions redrawing the border used a stream called the Rio but overlooked that two streams had the same name, leaving Cospaia between them outside either jurisdiction. Its one written rule survived above the church door: perpetua et firma libertas. The two governments signed the partition instrument on 11 February 1826; it took effect on 28 June.

The Italy-Switzerland boundary measures 800.22 kilometres including the Campione d'Italia enclave. Of its 578 kilometres of watershed, only about 40 cross permanent snowfields or glaciers. Where the boundary follows a glacier ridge, a 2009 agreement makes it follow progressive natural changes. At Furggsattel above Zermatt, measurements showed a shift of 100 to 150 metres between 1940 and 2000.

In March 2025 Italy ratified an agreement with the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. The Order describes itself as a lay religious order of the Catholic Church and a sovereign subject of international law. It maintains diplomatic relations with 115 states; about 500 of its diplomatic passports are in circulation. Its government seat is the Magistral Palace on Via dei Condotti in Rome, one of two institutional seats granted extraterritorial rights by Italy.

Arbëreshë communities settled in Italy in several waves between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries, not in a single migration after 1468. Their language, arbërisht, is an old variety of Tosk Albanian whose forms vary from place to place. Italy's 1999 minority-language law protects Albanian. The Ministry of Culture's heritage institute describes fifty communities; the law itself does not enumerate them and instead assigns territorial delimitation to provincial and local procedures.